Many coral reefs have "cleaning stations" where some species of fish remove parasites from other fish. Mutualism: In a mutualism, both partners benefit from the relationship. Unfortunately, humans are hosts to any number of parasites, including liver flukes, tapeworms, lice, pinworms, giardia, and many others. While the host is negatively affected by the loss of nutrients to the parasite, parasitism rarely leads directly to the host's death.
Parasitism: A parasite is physiologically dependent upon its host for nutrition. For this reason, herbivory is sometimes referred to as plant parasitism. Unlike predation, in which the whole organism is destroyed, plants often survive grazing by an herbivore. Herbivory: When a plant is eaten by another organism, it is considered herbivory. However, as the latter have some unique characteristics, they are often considered independently of predation. In its broadest sense, the term predation includes all consumption of another organism for nutrients, including herbivory and parasitism. Typically, carnivores, such as the cheetah pursuing the gazelle mentioned above, are excellent examples of predation. Predation: Predation takes place when one organism (the predator) consumes another (the prey). Both individuals are negatively impacted by competition for the resource because either the resource is limited or, if the resource is not limited, they can physically interfere with competitors attempting to obtain the resource.
There are eight main types of direct effects which are classified by the net effect of the relationship on each individual positive, negative, or neutral (Table 1).Ĭompetition: Competition occurs when two organisms compete for the same resource (food, space, mates, etc.). If you have ever watched a cheetah capture a gazelle or a bee pollinate a flower, then you have observed a direct effect in action (Figure 1). The first of these, direct effects, as the name implies, deals with the direct impact of one individual on another when not mediated or transmitted through a third individual. Relationships between members of an ecological community can be classified within two broad categories, direct effects and indirect effects.
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